Science 10

Introduction Pollution in Ganga The river Ganga is used as a sewage dump for more than 100 cities stretching across Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal. Dumping of untreated sewage,  excreta, and chemicals from industries increases the toxicity of the water. This makes it inhabitable for the flora and fauna in the river system. In 1985 the GAP (Ganga Action Plan) project was initialised to curb the poor quality of the water of river Ganges. Reduce, recycle and reuse The 3 R’s to save the environment can be performed by each individual in our society: Reduce: Reducing our usage and wasteful habits. Eg. not wasting food, turning off the switches to save electricity, repairing leaky taps, reducing the amount of water used for bathing etc. Reuse:  Using things again instead of discarding them. For example, reusing plastic utensils and bottles. Many things cannot be recycled or require a lot of energy, instead, we can utilize them for other purposes. Recycle: Collecting discarded ...

Ecosystem Mode of nutrition in animals and plants Autotrophic and Heterotrophic Saprophytes and decomposers Saprophytes are plants, fungi, and microorganisms that feed on the dead and decaying material. Decomposers break down the organic matter or waste material and release nutrients into the soil.  For example, bacteria, worms, slugs, and snails. Abiotic components Nonliving chemical and physical components of the environment like the soil, air, water, temperature, etc. Biotic components Living organisms of the environment like the plants, animals, microbes, and fungi. Ecosystem Includes both biotic and abiotic components. In a given area, all the living things such as plants, animals and organisms interacting with each other, and also with their non-living environments, i.e., weather, earth, sun, soil, climate, atmosphere. Trophic levels It refers to the various levels in a food web as per the flow of energy. The different trophic levels are – Producers (...

Why Conservation of Energy? Energy and its sources Energy is the ability to do work or the total power derived from our natural resources. The energy exists in many forms and can be converted from one form of energy into another. Energy in usable form is dissipated to the surroundings as less usable form. Energy is mainly derived from natural sources like the sun, oceans, fossil fuels, wind etc and is converted into electrical energy that we consume for our daily needs and benefits. What Is a Good Fuel? A good source of energy Sources can be classified as renewable and nonrenewable sources of energy. Any source of energy that does not get depleted or gets exhausted is considered a good source of energy and are usually called as renewable. Good fuel A good source of energy/fuel should be: Easily available Easy to store and transport Able to perform large amounts of work per unit mass and volume Economical Fossil Fuels and Thermal Energy Conventional sources of energy Sources of energy t...

Field and Field Lines Magnet A magnet is a material that produces a field that attracts or repels other such materials of magnetic nature. Lodestone is a naturally occurring magnet. It attracts materials like Iron, Nickel, Cobalt etc. North and South Poles A magnet is always bipolar with poles named north and south poles. These two poles always exist together and can not be separated. North pole of a magnet is the side which points to Earth’s geographic north when it is freely suspended. Like poles repel and unlike poles attract Similar to charges, the poles attract and repel. Like poles repel while unlike poles attract each other. Bar magnet A bar magnet is a rectangular object, composed of iron, steel or any form of a ferromagnetic substance, that shows permanent magnetic properties. It has two different poles, a north and a south pole such that when suspended freely, the north pole aligns itself towards the geographic north pole of the Earth. Magnetic field The region around a magne...